Health care of traditional Chinese medicine in aquaculture

In recent years, Chinese herbal feed additives have become a hot topic in animal nutrition research. Vigorously developing Chinese herbal feed additives has important economic significance and social benefits for solving the problem of antibiotic residues, improving productivity, developing green animal husbandry, meeting people's food safety needs, narrowing the gap between China's animal husbandry and developed countries, and enhancing the competitiveness of China's animal products in the international market. Studies have shown that many Chinese herbal medicines have good antibacterial ability in vitro. Unlike western medicine, the Chinese herbal medicine feed antibacterial health care agent has no residue and no drug resistance. Its mechanism of action is not only the inhibition and killing of pathogenic microorganisms, but also the adjustment of the body's resistance to disease, that is, to mobilize the body's stress ability, improve the body's immune function and disease resistance defense function, So as to improve the animal production performance and feed utilization efficiency.

1、 Antimicrobial and health care effects of Chinese herbal medicine

1. Antibacterial and health care effects directly acting on microorganisms

Many Chinese herbal medicines can directly act on the structure and metabolism of microorganisms and play an antibacterial and health care role. Previous data have shown that Chinese herbal medicines for clearing heat and detoxifying can affect the respiration and metabolism of bacteria, and have direct bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects. For example, berberine can form complexes with DNA, thereby affecting DNA replication and interfering with bacterial reproduction; Honeysuckle acts on the cell wall of bacteria and inhibits the synthesis of cell wall; Phellodendron amurense can inhibit bacterial respiration and inhibit bacterial RNA synthesis. Chinese herbal medicines with direct antibacterial effect include forsythia suspensa, dandelion, Patrinia villosa, purslane, Banlangen, bezoar, garlic, pepper, mugwort, etc.

Modern scientific research believes that most of the heat-clearing and detoxicating Chinese herbal medicines have the functions of bacteriostasis, antiviral, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and immune regulation, such as the chlorogenic acid of honeysuckle, andrographolide of andrographolide, forsythiol of forsythia suspensa, baicalin of scutellaria baicalensis, decanoyl acetaldehyde of houttuynia cordata, artemisinin of artemisia annua, etc.

2. Play an antibacterial and health care role by adjusting and repairing the body function

Modern medicine believes that in addition to specific functions, there are also non-specific functions and systems for the body to resist infection and eliminate invasive microorganisms, and the latter is the main. Although chemically synthesized antibacterial drugs have good antibacterial effect in vitro, they have no effect on enhancing the non-specific function of the body in vivo. The unique antibacterial effect of Chinese herbal medicine is both, and the latter is more important. For example, Andrographis paniculata and Hedyotis diffusa, which are effective in clinical prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, have no obvious effect in vitro antibacterial test; At the same time, andrographolide, which has no antibacterial effect confirmed by the in vitro test, can achieve good effects in preventing and treating infectious diseases in animals. Some tonifying traditional Chinese medicines, such as angelica and astragalus, have tonic effects, which can be manifested in enhancing the body's resistance to disease (improving immune function, improving stress ability), at the cellular and subcellular level, and on the endocrine system.

According to the traditional medical theory, the basic principle of the function of Chinese herbal medicine feed antibacterial health care agent is "adjusting yin and yang, eliminating evil and strengthening health". Experiments have shown that the main mechanism of action of Chinese herbal antibacterial health agents is not the direct inhibition and killing of pathogenic microorganisms, but rather the adjustment of the body's ability to resist disease and repair. In other words, the role of Chinese herbal feed antibacterial health agents in preventing and curing diseases and health care is to mobilize all favorable factors in the body, mobilize the body's reactivity, improve immune function, and the body's disease resistance and defense functions, thereby eliminating pathogenic factors and rehabilitating the body. In summary, it includes the following aspects:

2.1 Enhance the barrier defense function of body organs and tissues

The animal body has the barrier defense function of resisting microbial invasion, and many Chinese herbal medicines with antibacterial and health care functions have the barrier defense function of strengthening the body organs and tissues. For example, wolfberry has the function of stimulating hematopoiesis; Ganoderma lucidum can improve the function of spleen; Codonopsis pilosula, ass hide glue, Spatholobus spatholobi and toad cake can stimulate blood cell production; White peony can promote and induce the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes; Polygonum multiflorum contains lecithin, which can be used as the raw material of nerve, brain pulp and red blood cells to enhance the function of cells.

2.2 Enhance the immune function of the body

It is reported that polysaccharides, organic acids, alkaloids, glycosides and volatile oils in many Chinese herbal medicines have the effect of enhancing immunity. Polysaccharides can promote the reaction of thymic fluid, stimulate the reticuloendothelial system and improve the immune response ability of the body; Organic acids can enhance the phagocytic function of macrophages and enhance the immune function of the body; Glycosides can strengthen the phagocytic function of reticuloendothelial system, promote antibody production, promote antigen-antibody reaction and lymphocyte transformation.

In the process of preventing and curing livestock and poultry diseases, many Chinese herbal antibacterial health agents achieve their goals by affecting the immune function of the body. Among them, some Chinese herbal medicines have immune enhancement effects, such as Codonopsis pilosula, Angelica sinensis, Atractylodes macrocephala, Eucommia ulmoides, Poria cocos, Curcuma zedoary, etc; Some have two-way regulatory effects on immune functions, such as licorice, white peony, and astragalus. Chinese herbs that can improve the function of phagocytes and increase the number of phagocytes include astragalus, oregano, garlic, andrographis, hedyotis diffusa, houttuynia, acanthopanax senticosus, polyporus umbellatus, aristolochia, epimedium, etc.

2.3 Effect of induced interferon

Interferon is a cell product that can induce non-infected cells to produce antiviral protein and inhibit the replication of other viruses. The production of interferon by cells can only be realized under the action of inducers. Many Chinese herbal medicines can induce cells to produce interferon and play the role of antiviral microorganisms. In addition, some Chinese herbs can also promote other inducers to induce interferon. For example, Astragalus membranaceus and Artemisia argyi can stimulate cells to induce interferon, and directly inhibit or destroy the reproductive ability of bacteria and viruses. Astragalus polysaccharide can proliferate plasma cells and promote antibody formation. In addition, there are gentian, dendrobium, salvia miltiorrhiza, acanthopanax senticosus, phytolacca, epimedium, licorice, trichosanthes, etc.

2.4 Anti-inflammatory effect

Bacterial microorganisms can cause red, swelling, heat, pain and dysfunction of organs and tissues invaded by them, namely inflammation. Chinese herbal medicine with anti-inflammatory effect can restore and improve the function of organs and tissues, reduce the damage and damage of bacterial microorganisms and their toxins to tissues, and play an antibacterial role by inhibiting the increase of vascular permeability caused by histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine, and inhibiting the increase of exudate secretion and bleeding. Such as buffalo horn, red bark, purple herb, fraxinus, bupleurum chinense, Hanfangji, stinky wutong, salvia miltiorrhiza, agrimony, astragalus, liquorice, etc.

2.5 Anti-stress and "adaptive source" function

Studies have found that many Chinese herbal medicines have the function of improving the body's defense resistance and regulating and relieving the stressors. Some have the function of resisting stress by preventing the abnormal changes in the warning period, resistance period and failure period of stress response; Such as Bupleurum chinense, gypsum, scutellaria baicalensis, Commelina communis, earthworm, buffalo horn, Xihe willow, etc. have the effect of resisting heat stressors.

The role of "adaptive source" refers to the role of adjusting the physiological function of the body in the harsh environment, and making it move in a favorable direction and enhancing the adaptive ability. For example, acanthopanax senticosus and ginseng itself contain "adaptive source" substances, while astragalus and codonopsis pilosula have "adaptive source" - like effects, which can regulate the physiological function of animal body in harsh environment and enhance its adaptability.

2.6 Antimicrobial toxin effect

Toxins are an important component of bacterial virulence, which are toxic substances produced and released at any time by bacterial microorganisms during life activities, or released after death that can damage the body. This is incomparable with western medicine at present, especially endotoxin. The use of chemical drugs and antibiotics has no effect, while Chinese herbal medicine can interfere with and protect the tissue damage caused by toxin. Therefore, the use of Chinese herbal medicine has a good effect in treating bacterial poisoning, and symptoms can be rapidly improved. For example, liquorice in Chinese herbal medicine has the effect of antibacterial toxin.

2.7 Microecological regulation

According to the theory of modern microecology, many Chinese herbal medicines, such as astragalus, codonopsis pilosula, can not only enhance the immunity of the body, but also promote the growth of bifidobacteria and lactobacillus, and have the role of prebiotics. At the same time, bifidobacteria and lactobacillus can also enhance the immunity of the body, and play the same role as the traditional Chinese medicine of strengthening the body. The two functions complement each other.

2.8 Other action mechanisms

There are also some Chinese herbal medicines that can achieve antibacterial and health care effects through other mechanisms. For example, Platycodon grandiflorum can increase the activity of lysozyme in body fluid and resist bacteria; Hedyotis diffusa can enhance the effect of serum bactericide; Lycium barbarum can increase the activity of serum lysozyme; Stinky peony and aconite can increase the content of serum complement, etc.

3. Antiviral effect of Chinese herbal medicine feed antibacterial health agent

In particular, it is worth pointing out that the vast majority of chemicals and antibiotics are basically powerless against viruses, while many Chinese herbal medicines have antiviral effects (or both). In this respect, Chinese herbal medicine has more advantages than chemicals and antibiotics. There are two main ways for Chinese herbal medicine to fight virus:

① Direct inhibition of virus: the purpose of anti-virus infection is achieved by blocking a certain link in the process of virus propagation. For example, Folium Isatidis, Radix Scutellariae, Honeysuckle, Radix Isatidis, etc. have significant inhibitory effects on respiratory viruses, Forsythia suspensa, Coptis chinensis and Cortex Phellodendri have significant inhibitory effects on intestinal viruses, and Cortex Phellodendri, Polygonum cuspidatum and Houttuynia cordata have significant inhibitory effects on hepatitis viruses.

② Indirect inhibition of virus: the purpose of inhibiting virus is to induce the body to produce interferon or enhance the non-specific immune function of the body by Chinese herbal medicine. For example, astragalus and mugwort can stimulate cells to induce interferon; Dandelion, Houttuynia cordata, Andrographis paniculata, and wild chrysanthemum can delay the cytopathic effects caused by the virus. Astragalus can enhance the anti-virus infection ability of the body by activating lymphocytes, mononuclear macrophages and neutrophils., Cinnamomum cassia, agrimony, etc. can promote the formation of antibodies in advance. Codonopsis pilosula, asparagus, ophiopogon japonicus, etc. can prolong the existence of antibodies in the body.

The experiment shows that many heat-clearing and detoxicating prescriptions have antiviral effects. Such as inhibiting the generation of toxins; To attenuate and inactivate the toxin; Resist body dysfunction and tissue damage caused by toxins; Accelerate the body's elimination of toxins, etc. For example, honeysuckle, Viola yedoensis, arnebia, wild chrysanthemum, have the effect of resisting chicken borne virus; Phellodendron amurense, polygonum cuspidatum, Guanzhong, Patrinia villosa, etc. can inhibit duck hepatitis virus, etc. A considerable number of diseases in livestock and poultry are caused by viruses, such as foot-and-mouth disease, chicken plague, influenza, hepatitis, etc. It has a good effect to use Chinese herbal medicine feed antibacterial health agent to prevent and treat animal viral diseases.

2、 Application of Chinese herbal medicine antibacterial health care agent

Chinese herbal feed additives contain a lot of scientific and technological information and have strong vitality. In recent years, due to the side effects of some synthetic feed additives, more and more attention has been paid to Chinese herbal feed additives with pure natural and safe characteristics, which has promoted the application and development of Chinese herbal feed additives. In particular, in order to replace the chemical drugs and antibiotics that are easy to remain in the body and produce drug resistance, the Chinese herbal feed additives with antibacterial and health care functions have been used more and more.

The cure rate of bacterial dysentery in poultry treated with Pulsatilla, rhubarb, Fructus Aurantii, Cortex Fraxini, Radix Scutellariae, Radix Puerariae, Rhizoma Coptidis, Red Scoop, Radix Aucklandiae, Glycyrrhizae, etc. is 96.97%. It has a good effect on chicken perihepatitis, pericarditis and mixed infection caused by Escherichia coli. The average cure rate of each disease type is 81.08%. The bacteriostatic effects of 23 commonly used Chinese medicines such as purslane, andrographis paniculata and chebula chebula and 18 compounds of Sanhuang decoction were observed by plate dilution method and tube dish method. It was found that the bacteriostatic effects of single drugs such as chebula, scutellaria baicalensis, cortex fraxini, coptis chinensis and rhubarb on Escherichia coli were better, while the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of heat-clearing and detoxicating compounds such as Sanhuang decoction, Huanglian detoxicating decoction and Huangbai Chaihu decoction were also ideal. The cure rate of chicken colibacillosis treated with 5 g/ml dose of Tiannanxing was up to 70%, which was significantly different from the infection control group. Five traditional Chinese medicines, such as Baimao Teng, Taraxacum mongolicum, and Isatis indigotica, were mixed in a certain proportion and prepared into a compound Baimao Teng injection by the water-alcohol method according to the requirements for injection preparation. 1ml of the injection was equivalent to 1g of the total extract of the original drug. The antibacterial effects of the compound Baimao Teng injection on Escherichia coli in vitro and on Escherichia coli in pigs were studied. The results showed that the preparation had significant antibacterial effects on Escherichia coli, The diameter of its bacteriostatic ring is 16.7 mm ± 1.12 mm; The treatment effect of this preparation on yellow and white dysentery of piglets was significant, the total cure rate was 94.3%, which was significantly higher than that of the drug control group (P<0.01)

The clinical symptoms caused by diseases are mostly a comprehensive result of the interaction of various factors. Studies have shown that factors that affect the occurrence and development of diseases, the metabolism of drugs in vivo, and their clinical efficacy, in addition to genetic individual characteristics such as gender, age, and weight, there are also factors such as diseases, the pathophysiological state of the body, environment, and timing. The reasonable compatibility and combination of Chinese herbal medicine is the core of the prescription and the secret of effective prevention and treatment of livestock and poultry diseases. It includes the rationality of the monarch, the minister and the assistant, the modern verification of the seven emotions and the possible links of the compatibility effect between drugs. Traditional Chinese medicine is guided by the comprehensive effect of compound medicine and the principle of treatment based on syndrome differentiation, so it can achieve better results than western medicine in the prevention and treatment of some diseases.

3、 Conclusion

The advantages and characteristics of Chinese herbal medicine are the treatment based on syndrome differentiation and the comprehensive effect of compound medicine. We should focus on vigorously developing the resources of Chinese herbal feed additives, organically combine traditional Chinese medicine theory with modern science and technology, carry out in-depth theoretical research on the application of Chinese herbal feed additives, and constantly expand new ways of application of Chinese herbal feed additives. In recent years, Beijing Kanghua Vision Science and Technology Co., Ltd. has adopted modern science and technology to screen and match the effective ingredients of Chinese herbal medicine, and used modern production technology and equipment to carry out a series of refining treatment to produce deeply processed Chinese herbal medicine extract preparations. Concentrated effective ingredients, reasonable compatibility, small addition, more conducive to the rational and effective use of animal body. At the same time, establish the detection method of active ingredients, monitor the proportion and minimum content range of various active ingredients in the product, and ensure the controllability and stability of the product.